Automobile Pollution Essay

Exponential growth in petrol and diesel fueled vehicles are responsible for deterioration of air quality in cities. Because of the increase in urbanization, industrialization and commercial activities in the urban areas, the demand for transport has also been increased. In addition to it the use of personal vehicles has also increase steadily. The various principle pollutants emit from vehicles are as follows- Carbon monoxide (CO) Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Hydrocarbons (HC) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 2005 Air Toxic Emissions from On-road Mobile Sources (Tox-weighted) Affects of Automobile Pollution 1. In India about 15-20 million people are asthmatic because of emission of automobile pollution. 2. N02 is a highly toxic gas and attacks the lungs causing lung cancer and emphysema. 3. Automobile pollutants interferes the development and functioning of the nervous system. 4. Some diseases such as bronchitis, plurosis occur by long-term exposure to the particulate matter. 5. N02 reacts with hydrocarbons and creates photochemical smog. Reasons for Automobile Pollution The petrol driven vehicles emit invisible gases such as CO and Benzene while diesel driven vehicles emit mainly black smog containing minute carbon particles and S02. The main reasons for vehicular pollution problems are as follows- 1. Poor quality of fuel 2. Outdated vehicles 3. Congestion and mixed traffic of different types 4. Lack of proper traffic management Important Pre-requisites for Controlling Vehicular Pollution 1. Phasing out of grossly polluted vehicles 2. Enforcement of emission norms for new and in-use vehicles. 3. Improvement in automobile technology 4. Reduction of lead content in motor fuel 5. Stream lining traffic management 6. Improvement in public transport system 7. Fuel quality improvement and switch over to cleaner fuel 8. Restriction on indiscriminate growth of urban centers, industrial and commercial activities Alternative Fuels Hydrogen Gas: It can be used in modified combustion engines and is eco-friendly as it emits water vapours only. Electric Vehicles: They are advantageous over conventional fueled vehicles as far as environment is concerned. Ethanol: It can be used in regular automobiles after blending with petrol. It is rather clean fuel with low nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons emission and no net C02 emission. Methanol: It is a liquid fuel and is produce from coal, natural gas and biomass. ft emits very little NOx and HC. Natural gas: It exists in the gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure and is found in the form of CNG and LPG. It causes substantially lower pollution without affecting the performance of the vehicles.

Jacqueline Kennedy essays

Jacqueline Kennedy essays Each generation of the United States has represented a time of growth and development for society. Throughout existence there have been individuals that were important personal examples to people around them. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis has been acknowledged as an exceptional and unique American icon by millions of citizens. She dedicated her life to her country and her loved ones, and impacted the public in many important ways. Not only did she demonstrate the importance of life but she also touched the hearts of many with her style and dignity. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York on July 28, 1929. Being the elder of two daughters of John and Janet Lee Bouver, she was raised in an affluent and cultured environment mainly in New York, Rhode Island, and Virginia. As a young child, she enjoyed horses and her ability to horseback ride was one of her most favorite activities to complete. She attended Vassar College, studied abroad in Paris, and eventually graduated from George Washington University in 1951. In 1952, while working as a photographer for the Washington Times-Herald, she interviewed Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. On September 12, 1953 she and Kennedy were married. They had three children, one of which died two days after his birth. As First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy wanted to make the nations capital a source of pride. She redecorated the White House as well as planned a national cultural center, later named the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. On November 22, 1963 Jacqueline witnessed her husbands assassination in Dallas, Texas. After this tragedy, she moved to New York City with her two children in hopes of privacy. On October 20, 1968, she married Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek businessman. After she was widowed for a second time, Jacqueline began a career in publishing and then became a senior editor at Doubleday, where she specia...

The Benefits of Art Education on Children essays

The Benefits of Art Education on Children essays Over the past decade, the dramatic growth in promoting early childhood education and the encouragement of the four stages of child development (which are, cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development) has become a widespread trend across America. Promoting these stages are essential for the growth and development of tomorrows leaders. The two most important stages of child development, that often times go unnoticed, but is very essential for positive growth is social and emotional. Having art in early programs is one of the most important ways to encourage social and emotional behavior. Research (Bovey, Strain, 2003) indicates that having activities such as art lessons can support social and peer interaction. One of the roles as teachers and parents are to help young children identify and communicate their feelings, become attuned to and accepting of the ways young children approach and deal with emotional issues, and provide environments that enable young children to express their feelings (Dettore, 2002). Many children stresses that come to children and their families may include illness, job loss, economic crisis or poverty, relocation, birth, death, and trauma (Hatfield, 2003, p. 471). Socially and emotionally, young children of working parents, victims of abuse, or sufferers of constantly moving families may not develop completely as a child that may not have any of these issues. Young children are capable of deep feelings of lasting sadness and grief in response to trauma, loss, and early personal rejection. They can be seriously moved negatively by these emotions. A childs earliest human relationships affect later childhood relationships and provide the building blocks to future development (Hawley, 1998). The growth of self-regulation is the cornerstone of early childhood development (Raven, 2003). The way that family reacts to the stress affects the...

The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior

The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior Published in 2000, the 128 page The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior contains a plethora of facts and data about sex and sexuality worldwide. Unfortunately, the data used in the atlas was not often available for each country in the world so the author, Dr. Judith Mackay, was left to map incomplete data which is sometimes from as few as a dozen or so counties. Nonetheless, the book provides a fascinating insight into the cultural geography of sex and reproduction. Sometimes the data, maps, and graphics seem a bit sketchy. One example of a non-cited graphic is titled Breasts Are Getting Bigger and implies that in 1997, the average breast size in the U.K. was 36B but that it grew to 36C in 1999. A longer time period is provided for Asia - the graphic shows that in the 1980s average breast size was 34A and the 1990s it was 34C, not quite as dramatic as the U.K.s single-cup size increase in two years. The data I mention below in this article comes from reputable sources listed in the references section of the atlas. On with the facts... First Encounters Maps in the atlas provide information about the age of first sexual intercourse worldwide for several dozen countries where data was available. For women, the countries with the youngest average age of first intercourse are in central Africa and the Czech Republic with an average age of 15. The countries where womens first sexual experience comes at age 20 and older are Egypt, Kazakhstan, Italy, Thailand, Ecuador, and the Philippines. According to the map, the first sexual intercourse comes at 16 in the U.S. and 18 in the U.K. For men, the earliest average age of first intercourse is 16 in Brazil, Peru, Kenya, Zambia, Iceland, and Portugal but the highest average age is 19 in Italy. A male in the U.K.s average age of first intercourse is 18. There are far fewer countries with mens data than womens in the atlas (even the U.S. is missing from the map.) Sexual Intercourse and Contraception According to the atlas, on any given day, sexual intercourse takes place 120 million times on earth. Thus, with 240 million people having sex daily and a world population of just under 6.1 billion (as of 2000), about 4% of the worlds population (1 out of every 25 people) is having or had sex today. The country boasting the longest amount of time during sexual intercourse is Brazil at 30 minutes. The U.S., Canada, and the U.K. follow with 28, 23, and 21 minutes respectively. The quickest sex in the world takes place in Thailand with 10 minutes and Russia at 12 minutes. Among sexually active 16-45-year-olds, the most active countries are Russia, the U.S.A., and France, where people report having sex more than 130 times a year. Sex is least frequent in Hong Kong at under 50 times a year. Modern contraception is most frequently used in China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, and western Europe but least in central Africa and Afghanistan. Condom use is highest in Thailand with 82% of people claiming to always use a condom. Marriage The atlas tells us that 60% of marriages around the world are arranged so theres little choice of partners in most marriages. The age difference between prospective partners is interesting. Western European, North American, and Australian men usually search for a partner who is less than two years younger while men in Nigeria, Zambia, Colombia, and Iran all prefer women at least four years younger. China has the worlds highest minimum age for men to get married - 22; however, women in China can marry at 20 years of age. Its interesting to note that the minimum age for marriage for both sexes varies throughout the U.S. on a state-by-state basis and ranges from 14 to 21 years. Divorce rates are highest in Australia and the U.S.A. but are lowest in the Middle East, North Africa, and East Asia. Sex outside of marriage is most common in women under twenty in Germany and the U.K., where over 70% of young women have sex outside of marriage but in Asia, the percentage is less than ten. The Dark Side The atlas also covers the negative aspects of sex and sexuality. A map shows that female genital excision is highest in the countries of northeast Africa - Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Rapes per 100,000 women mapped out shows that among others - the U.S., Canada, Australia, southern Africa, Sweden have the worlds highest rates of rape (over 4 per 10,000). A map of the legal status of homosexuality around the world tells us that many countries in northern Africa and the Middle East can punish homosexual sex acts with the death penalty. We also learn that adultery is punishable by death in Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Overall, The Penguin Atlas of Human Sexual Behavior is a very interesting compilation and reference for facts about human sexual behavior and reproduction worldwide and I do recommend it for students of cultural geography or sexology.

The case of triage after a disaster Research Paper

The case of triage after a disaster - Research Paper Example He also needs critical care and should be the second person to attend to avoid losing too much blood. Jason should be assessed for injuries on internal organs as the lacerations on the chest are quite deep (Lee, 2010). Mr. Campbell is suffering from high blood pressure and needs urgent attention as he has already began experiencing respiratory distress and chest pain. Owing to his medical history of cardiac disease, it may turn out to be fatal in a short while. He should be the third person to attend to. It is important to help him restore his normal blood pressure. Jane needs further medical evaluation to determine her mental and physiological state. Her condition requires nursing diagnosis as it is not clear what she is suffering from but it is evident that she has a problem. She should the fourth patient to attend to. Blake is suffering from relatively mild conditions. He suffered a fractured leg that has already been stabilised. Painkillers can be administered to him to relief hi s discomfort. He will be the fifth person to attend to if there is no other acute case that will emerge as he can wait longer but not too long to cause him a lot of suffering (Koenig et al. 2006). Physical assessment on Janet will begin with neurological evaluation considering factors such as changes in the consciousness level of the patient, anxiety, lethargy, confusion and incomprehension. It is also necessary to seek for the patient’s neurological health history to determine if she had previous experiences of anaesthesia and sensory disturbance among others. The intensity of these neurological aspects will be used to determine if there are functional disorders or indications of a medical problem. These assessments will help to understand if she is traumatised as a result of the disaster and the thought of ‘near death’ situation. If her condition is as a result of shock, she will be out of danger and it will be easy to resuscitate her. The somatic,

Performance Measurement to Performance Management Essay

Performance Measurement to Performance Management - Essay Example When performance is at par or even better than standards previously set, then the business' financial condition also improves. Budgets are either increased or decreased in support of better organizational survival, Since there are usually many competitors around. When performance measured passes the standards set, salary and other benefits are given for satisfactory performance. Management must have a meeting with the line and staff organization and the organization's goals, strategy, mission, vision, values and strategy to accomplish the goals, purpose of goal and standard setting must be implemented. The employees and stockholders are encouraged thru regular trainings/meetings that they are part of the success and failure of the entire organization. The performance measures give the employees the daily challenges to be conquered. Integration places standards where needed in accomplishing strategic business ventures. Integration also helps hasten change. When actual work is compared with performance, the difference or similarity of the actual against the standards set is compared and management makes the needed decisions for the further improvement of over-all activity. 2.1 Performance Measurement - Measuring performance quantitatively tell us whether our goods, services done by employees have increased or decreased or even remained the same. They help management decide on ways and means to improve performance of some products which have not performed according to pre - set goals. Measurement performance can tell whether the following criteria are in order: a) We are doing as pre- expected b) If customers like our product/service and come back. c) If manufacturing processes are controlled. d) Adjustments can be made to improve present performance. Performance measurement provides us with the needed details to make intelligent decisions. Performance is usually done by taking done the number of units and unit price of goods sold or cost of goods bought. The products could be listed as 1,000.,000 units of product sold at $5.00 each. The actual units sold or produced by the manufacturing department are then compared with pre-determined standard or goals which was agreed upon. Usually the standards or goals are agreed upon between all departments involved. A too high standard may cause some discouragement with the employees. A too low standard may sometimes cause idleness. Units of measurement could be hours, meters, nanoseconds, dollars, reports, number of errors, length of time spend or to be spent These the usual basic of measurement Sometimes, other units of measurement are used. The unit of measurement could be miles per gallon ( for analyzing daily gasoline expenses ), fire accidents in a year ( oganization' s safety program) , number of units produced per day ( sales analysis). This sounds better than the unit of measurement in the prior paragraph. What is important is that the unit of measurement used should be the one to show variances between actual and standard performance Some categories of performance evaluation are enumerated below: 1) Effectiveness - Simply put, actual performance meets the goal set. ( Doingthe job the right way.) 2) Efficiency - Doing the job required at the least possible cost. ( Doing thingsthe right way.) 3) Quality - Products sold or services given meets

Real Estate Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Real Estate Development - Essay Example Graaskamp emphasized that developers have a role to play in making social impacts on the community (Greer 34). The real estate decisions they make impact greatly on how the environment of neighborhood will turn out. The developers have to find ways of breaking past constraints to come up with real estate solutions that are favorable to the neighborhood. Graaskamp definition of project feasibility by stating that â€Å"a real estate project is feasible when the real estate analyst determines that there is a reasonable likelihood of satisfying explicit objectives when a selected course of action is tested for fit to a context of specific constraints and limited resources† (Graaskamp 515). Graaskamp’s concept of project feasibility is important in focusing on the assumptions that are involved in the decision to make real estate developments. By considering project feasibility, developers have a chance of making real estate decisions that are beneficial for the market and the investors as well (Etter 95). In real estate development, the term market is used to describe feasibility study refers to the evaluation of a project’s practicability. The feasibility study is normally carried out on the expected cost, operating performance and mortgage market conditions. A project’s feasibility study consists of a financial and market analysis (Graaskamp 517). This study is important as it helps developers establish whether or not a proposed project has the ability to generate enough cash to pay loans and construction debt services as well as provide enough equity capital return. A project feasibility study aims at answering the following questions: what is the developer doing? Who is he doing it for? Whom will he affect? Does the project make financial sense? (520) A market study is described by Graaskamp as the analysis of geographic fragmentation patterns, trends and